The definitive 2025 guide to isopropyl alcohol market trends, applications and safety
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) remains a critical solvent and intermediate in various industries, including healthcare, personal care, and electronics. Analyst estimates diverge on headline size, yet all signal a period of expansion. One tracker projects the market to reach USD 3.7 billion in 2024, increasing to USD 3.98 billion in 2025 and USD 7.09 billion by […]
Frequency density safeguards statistical integrity in pharmaceutical and medical research
A single figure can sway a submission or a clinical decision. When continuous data are grouped with unequal intervals, a simple count by bin exaggerates wide ranges and hides concentrated patterns. The frequency density formula corrects that distortion. It turns counts into rates per unit of measurement so that each bar’s area, not its height, […]
Huntington’s disease in the AI era evaluates cure claims and regulatory reality in 2025
Huntington’s disease remains without a cure in 2025. Clinical practice focuses on symptom control while a new wave of molecular programmes seeks to slow or halt neurodegeneration. The evidence base points in one direction. Approved drugs manage manifestations such as chorea and psychiatric symptoms. Investigational therapies that target the mutant huntingtin pathway aim for disease […]
Pivmecillinam naming branding and safety are explained clearly
A familiar antibiotic has crossed an ocean with an unfamiliar name. In April 2024 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Pivya pivmecillinam for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adult women. That milestone reintroduced a workhorse long used across Europe where pivmecillinam has anchored first line care for cystitis for decades. Within months the U.S. […]
Testosterone replacement therapy in the UK 2025 evidence based guidance for healthcare professionals
Testosterone replacement therapy is widely requested, yet appropriate use depends on accurate diagnosis. True androgen deficiency is a clinical and biochemical syndrome. Symptoms must align with repeatedly low serum testosterone measured under standardised conditions. The British Society for Sexual Medicine prefers the term testosterone deficiency because hypogonadism can imply broader gonadal dysfunction. Robust assessment reduces […]
Long COVID in 2025 reviews pathophysiology clinical management and the pharmacist role
Five years after the acute waves of COVID-19, Long COVID has settled into public health planning as a common post-infectious condition with sustained clinical, economic and social effects. The term describes persistent or fluctuating symptoms that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. Debate over wording has narrowed, yet definitions still […]
Nitazenes present an emerging synthetic opioid threat for healthcare professionals
Nitazenes are highly potent synthetic opioids from the benzimidazole family that now present a fast-moving threat in the United Kingdom and in other regions. The core scaffold places them apart from natural opiates such as morphine and from other synthetic drugs such as fentanyl. Their return to illicit markets since 2019 has aligned with clusters […]
An evidence based investigation into why people discontinue nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation
Public attention to nicotinamide mononucleotide has grown quickly as evidence about NAD+ biology has entered mainstream discussion. Early animal data suggested broad benefits across metabolic and vascular systems, which helped move NMN from bench science to a consumer product. By 2024, the global market size was reported to be above 210 million US dollars, with […]
Cellular rejuvenation and tissue repair
Cellular ageing is not a single event but a convergence of gradual molecular failures that accumulate over time. The recognised hallmarks include telomere attrition, genomic instability from DNA damage, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of proteostasis, and the build-up of senescent cells. These mechanisms together erode the regenerative capacity of tissues and increase susceptibility to […]
Molecular Biology in Pharmaceutical Science and Practice
Molecular biology studies how DNA, RNA and proteins control the behaviour of cells. It asks how genetic information is stored, copied, transcribed and translated, then traces how those molecular instructions shape health and disease. Where biochemistry surveys all classes of biomolecules and their reactions, molecular biology narrows its focus to the informational molecules and the […]